01Ƙarfin carrier
Mai karanta yana samar da carrier RF mai ci gaba ta hanyar antenna. Tag na wucewa (passive) yana ɗaukar ƙanƙanin ɓangare na wannan filin ta hanyar rectifier da charge pump a cikin chip. Chip yana farkawa ne kawai idan karfin da aka samu ya wuce matakin hankalinsa (sensitivity threshold), don haka nisa, antenna gain, asarar kebul (cable loss), da yadda aka juya tag duk suna da muhimmanci.
02Daidaita backscatter
Tag na UHF na wucewa (passive) baya ƙirƙirar sabon siginar watsa rediyo. Yana canza lodi (load) a antenna ɗinsa tsakanin yanayin impedance. Wannan yana canza yawan carrier na mai karanta da aka nuna (reflected), yana samar da ƙananan sidebands da mai karanta ke yin demodulation ɗin su zuwa bayanan RN16, EPC, TID, ko memory na mai amfani.
03Filin kusa da filin nesa
Tsarukan LF da HF galibi suna amfani da magnetic inductive coupling a cikin filin kusa. RAIN RFID ta UHF galibi tana amfani da watsawar electromagnetic a cikin filin nesa. A 915 MHz, tazara (wavelength) kusan 33 cm ce, don haka karatun UHF na zahiri yana bin yaduwa (propagation), rarrabawa/reflect, polarization, da multipath.
04Kasafin haɗin kai
Dole ne a rufe hanyoyin haɗi guda biyu. Hanyar gaba (forward link) dole ta isar da isasshen karfin RF don kunna tag. Hanyar baya (reverse link) dole ta mayar da isasshen backscatter don ya wuce matakin hankalin (sensitivity floor) na mai karanta. Idan karantawa ya gaza, zai iya fitowa daga kowane gefe ne, shi ya sa daidaita wuta kaɗai ba koyaushe zai gyara sanya (deployment) ba.
05Kayan abu da detuning
Ruwa na sha makamashin UHF, yayin da ƙarfe ke juyawa (reflect) ko kuma ya yi detune ga tag ɗin dipole na al’ada. Tag ɗin da ke kan ƙarfe yana ƙara spacer ko tsarin da aka daidaita, tag ɗin yadudduka kuma suna amfani da siffar antenna da ke jure lanƙwasawa, kuma samfuran da ke da ruwa galibi suna buƙatar a sanya tag a wajen hanya mafi girman asarar (highest-loss path).
06Karin-kashe na karatun kaya (anti-collision inventory)
A lokuta masu yawan tag, ba a jin tag guda ɗaya mai tsabta a lokaci ɗaya. Zagayen inventory na EPC Gen2 suna amfani da anti-collision ta hanyar slotted. Tag na zaɓar slot, ya amsa da RN16 na bazuwar, sannan ya bayyana bayanan EPC bayan an amince. Session flags na taimakawa wajen sarrafa wane tag ne ke ci gaba da amsawa.
Yadda Ake Aiki
Yawancin tsarin RFID masu wucewa suna aiki akan ka'idar 'Mai Karatu-Yana-Magana-Farko'. Mai karatu yana fitar da igiyar RF (CW) na ci gaba. Lokacin da alama ta shiga wannan filin, tana kunna wuta kuma tana canza tunanin wannan igiyar don sadarwa baya.
Hanyoyin Haɗi
Haɗin Inductive (LF/HF): Yana amfani da filin maganadisu. Coil na mai karatu da coil na alama suna samar da transformer. Yana aiki ne kawai a kusa (Near Field).
Haɗin Radiative (UHF): Yana amfani da igiyoyin lantarki. Alamar tana nuna wani ɓangare na makamashin da ke shigowa zuwa mai karatu (Backscatter). Yana ba da damar sadarwa mai nisa (Far Field).